The effect of aerobic dancing on physical fitness and cognitive function in older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic-a natural experiment.

During the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), the physical activity of older adults is at a lower level. The study aimed to examine the effectiveness of aerobic dancing on physical fitness and cognitive function in older adults. We conducted a randomized controlled trial with 34 older adults who were assigned into an aerobic dancing group and a control group. Three dance sessions weekly for 60 â€‹min were scheduled for the aerobic dancing group for a total of 12 weeks. Physical fitness, blood pressure, lipids, glucose, cognitive function were assessed before and after the intervention. Baseline adjusted Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used to determine whether outcome variables varied between groups at pre-test and post-test. Effect size (Cohen's d) was calculated to determine the differences between groups from baseline to post-test. After 12 weeks, we found that the aerobic dancing group showed significant improvement in memory (portrait memory: F â€‹= â€‹10.45, p â€‹= â€‹0.003, d â€‹= â€‹1.18). The Limit of Stability (LOS) parameters in the aerobic dancing group displayed a significant increase after the intervention (right angle: F â€‹= â€‹5.90, p â€‹= â€‹0.022, d â€‹= â€‹0.60; right-anterior angle: F â€‹= â€‹4.23, p â€‹= â€‹0.049, d â€‹= â€‹0.12). Some beneficial effects were found on flexibility, grip strength, balance and subjective well-being (sit and reach: F â€‹= â€‹0.25, p â€‹= â€‹0.62, d â€‹= â€‹-0.40; grip strength: F â€‹= â€‹3.38, p â€‹= â€‹0.08, d â€‹= â€‹0.89; one-legged standing with eyes closed: F â€‹= â€‹1.26, p â€‹= â€‹0.27, d â€‹= â€‹0.50) in the aerobic dancing group. Aerobic dancing training was effective in improving memory and balance ability in older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. In the future, aerobic dancing is a promising tool to encourage physical activity in older adults.

BmKK2, a thermostable Kv1.3 blocker from Buthus martensii Karsch (BmK) scorpion, inhibits the activation of macrophages via Kv1.3-NF-κB- NLRP3 axis.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Inflammation plays pivotal role in the development of chronic diseases. Reducing chronic inflammation is an important strategy for preventing and managing many chronic diseases. In traditional Chinese medicine, the processed Buthus martensii Karsch (BmK) scorpion (also called "Quanxie") has been used to treat chronic inflammatory arthritis and spondylitis for hundreds of years suggests that "Quanxie" could potentially be utilized as a resource for identifying new anti-inflammatory compounds. However, the molecular basis and the underline mechanism for the anti-inflammatory effect of processed BmK scorpion are still unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY: The study aims to determine the potential involvement of macrophage-expressed Kv1.3 in the anti-inflammatory effect of processed BmK scorpion venom, as well as to identify new Kv1.3 blockers derived from processed BmK scorpion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, the in vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory activities were determined using carrageenan-induced paw edema, LPS-induced sepsis mouse models and LPS-induced macrophage activation model respectively. The effect of processed BmK scorpion water extract, processed BmK venom and BmKK2 on different potassium channels were detected by whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings on transfected HEK293 cells or mouse BMDMs. The cytokines were detected using Q-PCR and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. High performance liquid chromatography, SDS-PAGE and peptide Mass Spectrometry analysis were used to isolate and identify the BmKK2. SiRNA, western blotting and flow cytometry were used to analysis the anti-inflammatory mechanism of BmKK2. RESULTS: Here we demonstrate that BmKK2, a thermostable toxin targeting Kv1.3 is the critical anti-inflammatory component in the processed BmK scorpion. BmKK2 inhibits inflammation by targeting and inhibiting the activity of macrophage Kv1.3, thereby inhibiting the activation of NF-κB-NLRP3 pathway and the subsequent release of inflammatory factors. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide new insights into the molecular basis of the anti-inflammatory effects of "Quanxie" and highlight the importance of targeting Kv1.3 expressed on macrophages as an anti-inflammatory approach.

BL02, a phage against carbapenem- and polymyxin-B resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, isolated from sewage: A preclinical study.

The emergence of Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) represents a threat to public health. Polymyxin-B is generally considered a last-resort antibiotic. In this study, we isolated a carbapenem- and polymyxin-B resistant K. pneumoniae phage BL02 for the first time in Southwestern China and evaluated its biological characteristics and whole-genome sequence. Polymyxin-B resistant K. pneumoniae, (CK02), was isolated from the blood of a male with severe septic shock, and phage BL02 was screened and purified from the hospital sewage. BL02 could lyse 40 out of 46 CRKP isolates (86.96%) and has high activity in the pH range of 6-10 and the temperature range of 4-55 °C. The latency period of BL02 was about 10 min and the lysis period was about 50 min. The genome results showed that BL02 was a linear dsDNA with a total length of 175,595 bp and a GC content of 41.83%. A total of 275 ORFs were predicted and no tRNA, rRNA, drug resistance genes, or virulence genes were found in the genome. Phylogenetic analysis showed that BL02 belongs to the family Straboviridae. Treatment of infected mice with two antibiotics (tigecycline or ceftazidime/avibactam) resulted in 7-day survival rates of 28.57% and 42.86%, respectively. In contrast, the survival rate of mice in the single-dose BL02-treated group was 71.43%. In summary, this preclinical study isolated a phage capable of lysing polymyxin-B resistant K. pneumoniae and validated its safety and efficacy in an in vivo model, which provides a reference for further research on controlling MDR pathogens.

The Effects of Active Video Game Exercise Based on Self-Determination Theory on Physical Fitness and Cognitive Function in Older Adults.

BACKGROUND: Aging and physical inactivity are associated with declines in physical fitness and cognitive function. Active video games have proven to be beneficial for the physical health of older adults, but the exact effect of active video games on physical fitness and cognitive function was still unclear. Based on self-determination theory (SDT), which is a widely used theory of healthy behavior change, this study aimed to explore the effects of an active video game intervention on fitness and cognitive function in older adults. METHODS: A total of 38 participants (mean age = 65.68 ± 3.78 years, 24 female) were randomly assigned to either an intervention group (active video game training) or a control group (no additional intervention). The participants in the intervention group trained for a total of 36 sessions (3 times per week for 50-55 min each) for 12 weeks. The control group continued with their normal daily living. The pre- and posttest measurements included: IPAQ-C score and physical fitness (BMI, body fat percent, blood pressure, reaction time, sit and reach, vital capacity, grip strength, static balance, blood biochemical tests for liver function, kidney function, blood lipids, glucose and insulin levels) and cognitive functions (processing speed, spatial ability, working memory, language ability, associative memory). RESULT: The intervention group showed a significantly smaller decrease in total average physical activity relative to the control group. BMI, vital capacity, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and spatial cognition significantly improved after training in the intervention group (BMI: F = 9.814, p = 0.004, d = -0.93, vital capacity: F = 4.708, p = 0.038, d = 0.67, systolic blood pressure: F = 5.28, p = 0.028, d = -0.68, diastolic blood pressure: F = 6.418, p = 0.016, d = -0.86, spatial cognition: F = 8.261, p = 0.007, d = 0.72). Three measures of static balance (closed eyes) also showed improvements after training (total length of swing: F = 3.728, d = -0.62, total velocity of swing: F = 3.740, d = -0.62, total area of swing: F = 2.920, d = -0.70). No significant training effects were evident in the results from the blood biochemical tests. CONCLUSION: This study indicates a positive influence of active video game training on physical fitness and cognitive function. The use of SDT-based active video game exercise as a feasible, safe, and effective training method for improving community older adults' healthy, promoting group cohesion, and increasing motivation to exercise.

Makatoxin-3, a thermostable Nav1.7 agonist from Buthus martensii Karsch (BmK) scorpion elicits non-narcotic analgesia in inflammatory pain models.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Chronic pain management represents a serious healthcare problem worldwide. The use of opioid analgesics for pain has always been hampered by their side effects; in particular, the addictive liability associated with chronic use. Finding a morphine replacement has been a long-standing goal in the field of analgesia. In traditional Chinese medicine, processed Buthus martensii Karsch (BmK) scorpion has been used as a painkiller to treat chronic inflammatory arthritis and spondylitis, so called "Scorpio-analgesia". However, the molecular basis and the underline mechanism for the Scorpio-analgesia are still unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY: The study aims to investigate the molecular basis of "Scorpio analgesia" and identify novel analgesics from BmK scorpion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, the analgesic abilities were determined using formalin-, acetic acid- and complete Freund's adjuvant-induced pain models. The effect of BmK venom and processed BmK venom on Nav1.7 were detected by whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings on HEK293-hNav1.7 stable cell line. Action potentials in Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons induced by Makatoxin-3-R58A were recorded in current-clamp mode. The content of Makatoxin-3 was detected using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Makatoxin-3 antibody. High performance liquid chromatography, western blot and circular dichroism spectroscopy were used to analysis the stability of Makatoxin-3. RESULTS: Here we demonstrate that Makatoxin-3, an α-like toxin in BmK scorpion venom targeting Nav1.7 is the critical component in Scorpio-analgesia. The analgesic effect of Makatoxin-3 could not be reversed by naloxone and is more potent than Nav1.7-selective inhibitors and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in inflammatory models. Moreover, a R58A mutant of Makatoxin-3 is capable of eliciting analgesia effect without inducing pain response. CONCLUSIONS: This study advances ion channel biology and proposes Nav1.7 agonists, rather than the presumed Nav1.7-only blockers, for non-narcotic relief of chronic pain.

Dual-Energy Computed Tomography Imaging in Early-Stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Preliminary Study.

Background: This study aims to evaluate the application of dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) for multiparameter quantitative measurement in early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: The study retrospectively enrolled 30 patients with early-stage HCC and 43 patients with early-stage HCC who received radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and underwent abdomen enhanced CT scans in GSI mode. The GSI viewer was used for image display and data analysis. The regions of interest (ROIs) were delineated in the arterial phase and the venous phase. The optimal single energy value, CT values on different energy levels (40 keV, 70 keV, 100 keV, and 140 keV), the optimal energy level, the slope of the spectral attenuation curve, the effective atomic number (Z eff), iodine concentration (IC), water concentration (WC), normalized iodine concentration (NIC), and normalized water concentration (NWC) are measured and quantitatively analyzed. Results: The CT values of early-stage HCC at different single energy levels in dual phases were significantly different, and the single energy values were negatively correlated with the CT values. In the arterial phase and the venous phase, the optimal energy values for the best contrast-to-noise ratio were (68.34 ± 3.20) keV and (70.14 ± 2.01) keV, respectively. The slope of the spectral attenuation curve showed a downward trend at 40 keV, 70 keV, 100 keV, and 140 keV, but there was no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05). Z eff was positively correlated with IC and standardized IC, but has no significant correlation with WC and NWC in dual phases. Conclusion: DECT imaging contains multiparameter information and has different application values for early-stage HCC, and it is necessary to select the parameters reasonably for personalized and comprehensive evaluation.

Combined metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis reveals key components of OsCIPK17 overexpression improves drought tolerance in rice.

Oryza Sativa is one of the most important food crops in China, which is easily affected by drought during its growth and development. As a member of the calcium signaling pathway, CBL-interacting protein kinase (CIPK) plays an important role in plant growth and development as well as environmental stress. However, there is no report on the function and mechanism of OsCIPK17 in rice drought resistance. We combined transcriptional and metabonomic analysis to clarify the specific mechanism of OsCIPK17 in response to rice drought tolerance. The results showed that OsCIPK17 improved drought resistance of rice by regulating deep roots under drought stress; Response to drought by regulating the energy metabolism pathway and controlling the accumulation of citric acid in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle; Our exogenous experiments also proved that OsCIPK17 responds to citric acid, and this process involves the auxin metabolism pathway; Exogenous citric acid can improve the drought resistance of overexpression plants. Our research reveals that OsCIPK17 positively regulates rice drought resistance and participates in the accumulation of citric acid in the TCA cycle, providing new insights for rice drought resistance.

Aortic Geometric Alteration Associated With Acute Type B Aortic Dissection: Angulation, Tortuosity, and Arch Type.

Background: Acute type B aortic dissection is a highly serious aortic pathology. Aortic geometric parameters may be useful variables related to the occurrence of acute type B aortic dissection (aTBAD). The aim of the study is to delineate the alteration in aortic geometric parameters and analyze the specific geometric factors associated with aTBAD. Methods: The propensity score matching method was applied to control confounding factors. The aortic diameter, length, angulation, tortuosity, and type of aortic arch of the aTBAD and control group were retrospectively analyzed via three-dimensional computed tomography imaging created by the 3mensio software (version 10.0, Maastricht, The Netherlands). The geometric variables of true lumen and false lumen in the descending aorta were measured to estimate the severity of aortic dissection. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to investigate the significant and specific factors associated with aTBAD occurrence. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was used to estimate the performance of the model. Results: After propensity score matching, 168 matched pairs of patients were selected. The ascending aorta and aortic arch diameters were dilated, and the ascending aorta and total aorta lengths were elongated in aTBAD group significantly (P < 0.001). The ascending aorta and aortic arch angulations in the aTBAD group were sharper than those of the controls (P = 0.01, P < 0.001, respectively). The aortic arch and total aorta tortuosities were significantly higher in the aTBAD group (P = 0.001, P < 0.001, respectively). There were more type III arch patients in the aTBAD group than the controls (67.9 vs. 22.6%). The true lumen angulation was sharper than that in the false lumen (P < 0.01). The true lumen tortuosity was significantly lower than that in the false lumen (P < 0.001). The multivariable models identified that aortic arch angulation, tortuosity, and type III arch were independent and specific geometric factors associated with aTBAD occurrence. The AUC of the multivariable models 1, 2, 3 were 0.945, 0.953, and 0.96, respectively. Conclusions: The sharper angulation and higher tortuosity of aortic arch and type III arch were the geometric factors associated with aTBAD in addition to the ascending aorta elongation and aortic arch dilation. The angulation and tortuosity of the true and false lumens may carry significant clinical implications for the treatment and prognosis of aTBAD.

Integrated Transcriptome Profiling Revealed That Elevated Long Non-Coding RNA-AC007278.2 Expression Repressed CCR7 Transcription in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

Purpose: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a serious autoimmune disease. Its molecular pathogenesis, especially the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) function, remains unclear. We want to investigate the lncRNA dysregulation profile and their molecular mechanisms in SLE. Methods: In this study, we analyzed the transcriptome profiles (RNA-seq) of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from SLE patients and two published transcriptome datasets to explore lncRNA profiles. The differentially expressed lncRNAs were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR in another set of female patients. We constructed the lncRNA-mRNA regulatory networks by performing weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Dysregulated lncRNA AC007278.2 was repressed by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) in Jurkat cells. Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay was performed to investigate the regulatory mechanism of AC007278.2 on target gene CCR7. Results: We observed dominant up-regulation of transcripts, including mRNAs and lncRNAs, in SLE patients. By WGCNA method, we identified three modules that were highly related to SLE. We then focused on one lncRNA, AC007278.2, with a T-helper 1 lineage-specific expression pattern. We observed consistently higher AC007278.2 expression in SLE patients. Co-expression network revealed that AC007278.2 participated in the innate immune response and inflammatory bowel disease pathways. By knocking down AC007278.2 expression, we found that AC007278.2 could regulate the expression of inflammatory and cytokine stimulus response-related genes, including CCR7, AZU1, and TNIP3. AC007278.2 inhibits the functional CCR7 promoter to repress its transcription, thereby regulating autoimmunity and follicular T-helper cell differentiation. Conclusion: In summary, our study indicated the important regulatory role of lncRNAs in SLE. AC007278.2 may be treated as a novel biomarker for SLE diagnosis and treatment.

ZhiJingSan Inhibits Osteoclastogenesis via Regulating RANKL/NF-κB Signaling Pathway and Ameliorates Bone Erosion in Collagen-Induced Mouse Arthritis.

Bone erosion is the most evident pathological condition of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which is the main cause of joint deformities and disability in RA patients. At present, the conventional RA drugs have not achieved satisfactory effect in improving bone erosion. ZhiJingSan (ZJS), which is a traditional Chinese prescription composed of scolopendra (dried body of Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans L. Koch, scolopendridae) and scorpion (dried body of Buthus martensii Karsch, Buthus), exhibits anti-rheumatism, analgesic and joint deformities improvement effects. This study aimed to assess the therapeutic effect of ZJS on RA bone erosion and to elucidate the underlying mechanism. The effect of ZJS on RA bone erosion was investigated in a murine model of bovine collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), and the underlying mechanism was investigated in vitro in an osteoclast differentiation cell model. Administration of ZJS delayed the onset of arthritis, alleviated joint inflammation, and attenuated bone erosion in the CIA mice. Meanwhile, ZJS decreased the serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and anti-bovine collagen II-specific antibodies. Furthermore, ZJS treatment reduced the number of osteoclasts and the expression of cathepsin K in the ankle joints of CIA mice. ZJS also inhibited receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation and the expression of MMP9 and cathepsin K in vitro. Mechanistically, ZJS blocked RANKL-induced p65 phosphorylation, nucleation, and inhibited the expression of downstream NFATc1 and c-Fos in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs). Taken together, ZJS exerts a therapeutic effect on bone erosion in CIA mice by inhibiting RANKL/NF-κB-mediated osteoclast differentiation, which suggested that ZJS is a promising prescription for treating RA bone erosion.

Identification of novel therapeutic targets for contrast induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI): alpha blockers as a therapeutic strategy for CI-AKI.

Iodinated contrast is used for imaging and invasive procedures and it can cause contrast induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI), which is the third leading hospital-acquired health problem. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of α-adrenergic receptor-1b (Adra1b) inhibition by using terazosin on change in kidney function, gene, and protein expression in C57BL/6J male mice, 6-8 weeks with chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD was induced by surgical nephrectomy. Twenty eight days later, 100-µL of iodinated contrast (CI group) or saline (S group) was given via the carotid artery. Whole-transcriptome RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis of the kidneys was performed at day 2. Mice received either 50-µL of saline ip or terazosin (2 mg/kg) in 50-µL of saline ip 1 hour before contrast administration which was continued every 12 hours until the animals were euthanized 2 and 7 days later. The kidneys were removed for gene expression, immunohistochemical analysis, and blood serum analyzed for kidney function. Differential gene expression analysis identified 21 upregulated and 436 downregulated genes (fold change >2; P < 0.05) that were common to all sample (n = 3 for both contrast and saline). We identified Adra1b using bioinformatic analysis. Mice treated with terazosin had a significant decrease in serum creatinine, urinary Kim-1 levels, HIF-1α, apoptosis, and downstream Adrab1 genes including Ece1, Edn1, pMAPK14 with increased cell proliferation. Contrast exposure upregulated Adra1b gene expression in HK-2 cells. Inhibition of Adra1b with terazosin abrogated Ece1, Edn1, and contrast-induced Fsp-1, Mmp-2, Mmp-9 expression, and caspase-3/7 activity in HK-2 cells.

1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Encapsulated in Nanoparticles Prevents Venous Neointimal Hyperplasia and Stenosis in Porcine Arteriovenous Fistulas.

BACKGROUND: Few therapies prevent venous neointimal hyperplasia (VNH) and venous stenosis (VS) formation in arteriovenous fistulas (AVF). Expression of the immediate early response gene X-1 (Iex-1), also known as Ier3, is associated with VNH and stenosis in murine AVFs. The study aimed to determine if local release of Ier3 long-acting inhibitor 1α,25(OH)2D3 from poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles embedded in a thermosensitive Pluronic F127 hydrogel (1,25 NP) could affect VNH/VS formation in a large animal model. METHODS: Immediately after AVF creation in a porcine model of renal failure, 1,25 NP or vehicle control was injected into the adventitia space of AVF outflow veins. Scanning electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering characterized drug and control nanoparticles. Animals were sacrificed 3 and 28 days later for gene expression, immunohistologic, magnetic resonance imaging and angiography, and ultrasound analyses. Whole transcriptome RNA sequencing with differential gene expression analysis was performed on outflow veins of AVF. RESULTS: Encapsulation of 1α,25(OH)2D3 in PLGA nanoparticles formed nanoparticles of uniform size that were similar to nanoparticles without 1α,25(OH)2D3. The 1,25 NP-treated AVFs exhibited lower VNH/VS, Ier3 gene expression, and IER-3, MCP-1, CD68, HIF-1α, and VEGF-A immunostaining, fibrosis, and proliferation. Blood flow and lumen area increased significantly, whereas peak systolic velocity and wall shear stress decreased. Treatment increased Young's modulus and correlated with histologic assessment of fibrosis and with no evidence of vascular calcification. RNA sequencing analysis showed changes in the expression of genes associated with inflammatory, TGFß1, and apoptotic pathways. CONCLUSIONS: Local release of 1,25 NP improves AVF flow and hemodynamics, and reduces stenosis in association with reduction in inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis in a porcine model of arteriovenous fistula.

Adventitial delivery of nanoparticles encapsulated with 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 attenuates restenosis in a murine angioplasty model.

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) of stenotic arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) is performed to maintain optimal function and patency. The one-year patency rate is 60% because of venous neointimal hyperplasia (VNH) and venous stenosis (VS) formation. Immediate early response gene X-1 (Iex-1) also known as Ier3 increases in response to wall shear stress (WSS), and can cause VNH/VS formation in murine AVF. In human stenotic samples from AVFs, we demonstrated increased gene expression of Ier3. We hypothesized that 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, an inhibitor of IER3 delivered as 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 encapsulated in poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles loaded in Pluronic F127 hydrogel (1,25 NP) to the adventitia of the stenotic outflow vein after PTA would decrease VNH/VS formation by reducing Ier3 and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (Ccl2) expression. In our murine model of AVF stenosis treated with PTA, increased expression of Ier3 and Ccl2 was observed. Using this model, PTA was performed and 10-µL of 1,25 NP or control vehicle (PLGA in hydrogel) was administered by adventitial delivery. Animals were sacrificed at day 3 for unbiased whole genome transcriptomic analysis and at day 21 for immunohistochemical analysis. Doppler US was performed weekly after AVF creation. At day 3, significantly lower gene expression of Ier3 and Ccl2 was noted in 1,25 NP treated vessels. Twenty-one days after PTA, 1,25 NP treated vessels had increased lumen vessel area, with decreased neointima area/media area ratio and cell density compared to vehicle controls. There was a significant increase in apoptosis, with a reduction in CD68, F4/80, CD45, pro-inflammatory macrophages, fibroblasts, Picrosirius red, Masson's trichrome, collagen IV, and proliferation accompanied with higher wall shear stress (WSS) and average peak velocity. IER3 staining was localized to CD68 and FSP-1 (+) cells. After 1,25 NP delivery, there was a decrease in the proliferation of α-SMA (+) and CD68 (+) cells with increase in the apoptosis of FSP-1 (+) and CD68 (+) cells compared to vehicle controls. RNA sequencing revealed a decrease in inflammatory and apoptosis pathways following 1,25 NP delivery. These data suggest that adventitial delivery of 1,25 NP reduces VNH and venous stenosis formation after PTA.

Histology transformation-mediated pathological atypism in small-cell lung cancer within the presence of chemotherapy: A case report.

BACKGROUND: The treatment of small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) has progressed little in recent years because of its unique biological activities and complex genomic alterations. Chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy has been widely accepted as the first-line treatment for SCLC. CASE SUMMARY: Here, we present a 68-year-old male smoker who was diagnosed with SCLC of the right lung. After several cycles of concurrent chemoradiotherapy, the tumor progressed with broad metastasis to liver and bone. Histopathological examination showed an obvious transformation to adenocarcinoma, probably a partial recurrence mediated by the chemotherapy-based regimen. A mixed tumor as the primary lesion and transformation from SCLC or/and tumor stem cells may have accounted for the pathology conversion. We adjusted the treatment schedule in accord with the change in phenotype. CONCLUSION: Although diffuse skeletal and hepatic metastases were seen on a recent computed tomography scan, the patient is alive, with intervals of progression and shrinkage of his cancer.

Periadventitial Delivery of Simvastatin-Loaded Microparticles Attenuate Venous Neointimal Hyperplasia Associated With Arteriovenous Fistula.

Background Venous neointimal hyperplasia and venous stenosis (VS) formation can result in a decrease in arteriovenous fistula (AVF) patency in patients with end-stage renal disease. There are limited therapies that prevent VNH/VS. Systemic delivery of simvastatin has been shown to reduce VNH/VS but local delivery may help decrease the side effects associated with statin use. We determined if microparticles (MP) composed of cyclodextrins loaded with simvastatin (MP-SV) could reduce VS/VNH using a murine arteriovenous fistula model with chronic kidney disease. Methods and Results Male C57BL/6J mice underwent nephrectomy to induce chronic kidney disease. Four weeks later, an arteriovenous fistula was placed and animals were randomized to 3 groups: 20 µL of PBS or 20 µL of PBS with 16.6 mg/mL of either MP or MP-SV. Animals were euthanized 3 days later and the outflow veins were harvested for quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis and 28 days later for immunohistochemistical staining with morphometric analysis. Doppler ultrasound was performed weekly. Gene expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (Vegf-A), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (Mmp-9), transforming growth factor beta 1 (Tgf-ß1), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (Mcp-1) were significantly decreased in MP-SV treated vessels compared with controls. There was a significant decrease in the neointimal area, cell proliferation, inflammation, and fibrosis, with an increase in apoptosis and peak velocity in MP-SV treated outflow veins. MP-SV treated fibroblasts when exposed to hypoxic injury had decreased gene expression of Vegf-A and Mmp-9. Conclusions In experimental arteriovenous fistulas, periadventitial delivery of MP-SV decreased gene expression of Vegf-A, Mmp-9, Tgf-ß1 and Mcp-1, VNH/VS, inflammation, and fibrosis.

Experimental murine arteriovenous fistula model to study restenosis after transluminal angioplasty.

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) is a very common interventional treatment for treating stenosis in arteriovenous fistula (AVF) used for hemodialysis vascular access. Restenosis occurs after PTA, resulting in vascular lumen loss and a decrease in blood flow. Experimental animal models have been developed to study the pathogenesis of stenosis, but there is no restenosis model after PTA of stenotic AVF in mice. Here, we describe the creation of a murine model of restenosis after angioplasty of a stenosis in an AVF. The murine restenosis model has several advantages, including the rapid development of restenotic lesions in the vessel after angioplasty and the potential to evaluate endovascular and perivascular therapeutics for treating restenosis. The protocol includes a detailed description of the partial nephrectomy procedure to induce chronic kidney disease, the AVF procedure for development of de novo stenosis and the angioplasty treatment associated with progression of restenosis. We monitored the angioplasty-treated vessel for vascular patency and hemodynamic changes for a period of 28 d using ultrasound. Vessels were collected at different time points and processed for histological analysis and immunostaining. This angioplasty model, which can be performed with basic microvascular surgery skills, could be used to identify potential endovascular and perivascular therapies to reduce restenosis after angioplasty procedures.

Differences in Transforming Growth Factor-ß1/BMP7 Signaling and Venous Fibrosis Contribute to Female Sex Differences in Arteriovenous Fistulas.

Background Women have decreased hemodialysis arteriovenous fistula (AVF) maturation and patency rates. We determined the mechanisms responsible for the sex-specific differences in AVF maturation and stenosis formation by performing whole transcriptome RNA sequencing with differential gene expression and pathway analysis, histopathological changes, and in vitro cell culture experiments from male and female smooth muscle cells. Methods and Results Mice with chronic kidney disease and AVF were used. Outflow veins were evaluated for gene expression, histomorphometric analysis, Doppler ultrasound, immunohistologic analysis, and fibrosis. Primary vascular smooth muscle cells were collected from female and male aorta vessels. In female AVFs, RNA sequencing with real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated a significant decrease in the average gene expression of BMP7 (bone morphogenetic protein 7) and downstream IL17Rb (interleukin 17 receptor b), with increased transforming growth factor-ß1 (Tgf-ß1) and transforming growth factor-ß receptor 1 (Tgfß-r1). There was decreased peak velocity, negative vascular remodeling with higher venous fibrosis and an increase in synthetic vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype, decrease in proliferation, and increase in apoptosis in female outflow veins at day 28. In vitro primary vascular smooth muscle cell experiments performed under hypoxic conditions demonstrated, in female compared with male cells, that there was increased gene expression of Tgf-ß1, Tgfß-r1, andCol1 with increased migration. Conclusions In female AVFs, there is decreased gene expression of BMP7 and IL17Rb with increased Tgf-ß1 and Tgfß-r1, and the cellular and vascular differences result in venous fibrosis with negative vascular remodeling.

Therapeutic Effect of Adipose Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation in Reducing Restenosis in a Murine Angioplasty Model.

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) is the first line of treatment for stenosis in the arteriovenous fistula (AVF) created to provide access for hemodialysis, but resenosis still occurs. Transplants of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs) labeled with green fluorescent protein (GFP) to the adventitia could reduce pro-inflammatory gene expression, possibly restoring patency in a murine model of PTA for venous stenosis. METHODS: Partial nephrectomy of male C57BL/6J mice induced CKD. Placement of the AVF was 28 days later and, 14 days after that, PTA of the stenotic outflow vein was performed with delivery of either vehicle control or AMSCs (5×105) to the adventitia of the vein. Mice were euthanized 3 days later and gene expression for interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha TNF-α) analyzed, and histopathologic analysis performed on day 14 and 28. GFP (+) AMSCs were tracked after transplantation for up to 28 days and Doppler ultrasound performed weekly after AVF creation. RESULTS: Gene and protein expression of IL-1ß and TNF-α, fibrosis, proliferation, apoptosis and smooth muscle actin decreased, and the proportions of macrophage types (M2/M1) shifted in a manner consistent with less inflammation in AMSC-transplanted vessels compared to controls. After PTA, AMSC-treated vessels had significantly higher wall shear stress, average peak, and mean velocity, with increased lumen vessel area and decreased neointima/media area ratio compared to the control group. At 28 days after delivery, GFP (+) AMSC were present in the adventitia of the outflow vein. CONCLUSIONS: AMSC-treated vessels had improved vascular remodeling with decreased proinflammatory gene expression, inflammation, and fibrotic staining compared to untreated vessels.

Effect of sex differences in treatment response to angioplasty in a murine arteriovenous fistula model.

Failure to mature and venous neointimal hyperplasia formation are the two major causes of hemodialysis arteriovenous fistula (AVF) vascular access failure. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) is the firstline treatment for both of these conditions, but, clinically, women have decreased patency rates compared with men. The hypothesis to be tested in the present study was that female mice after PTA of venous areas of higher intimal thickening have increased gene expression of transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1) and TGF-ß receptor 1 (TGFß-R1) accompanied with histological changes of fibrosis compared with male mice. Seventeen male and eighteen female C57BL/6J mice were used in this study. Chronic kidney disease was induced by partial nephrectomy, and, 28 days later, an AVF was created to connect the left carotid artery to the right jugular vein. Two weeks later, the higher intimal thickening area was treated with PTA, and mice were euthanized 3 days later for gene expression analysis or 14 days later for histopathological analysis. Doppler ultrasound was performed weekly after AVF creation. At day 3, female AVF had significantly higher average gene expression of TGF-ß1 and TGFß-R1 compared with male AVF. At day 14, female outflow veins had a smaller venous diameter, lumen vessel area, decreased wall shear stress, lower average peak systolic velocity, and an increased neointima area-to-media area ratio. Moreover, female outflow veins showed a significant increase in α-smooth muscle actin and fibroblast-specific protein-1. There was a decrease in M1/M2 with an increase in CD68.